Abstract: The space station is a manned spacecraft that operate for extended periods in low Earth orbit, accommodating multiple astronauts for visits, long-term living, and working. In an environment that is sealed, temperature-controlled, and humidity-controlled, the quantity of microbes can increase rapidly. If left uncontrolled, this can pose a threat to the health of astronauts, cause corrosion or damage to space equipment, and have adverse effects on space mission safety. By elucidating the primary sources of microbial contamination in space and the hazards that such contamination poses to the health of astronauts and the safety of equipment, this review summarized the principles, application scenarios, and advantages and disadvantages of various sterilization and disinfection methods for their applicability in the space environment. These methods include high temperature, radiation, ethylene oxide, ozone, supercritical fluids, gas plasma, photocatalytic oxidation, self-cleaning surfaces, and induced luminescence aggregation. Additionally, an evaluation of the methods suitable for the prevention and control of microbial contamination in space was provided.