Abstract: Against the background of the US anti-economic globalization trade policy and the weakening of China's traditional comparative advantage,it is particularly urgent to enhance the complexity of China's export technology. On the basis of explaining the influence mechanism of system quality and population structure on export technology complexity in theory,this paper empirically tests the influence of system quality and population structure on export technology complexity by using the inter-provincial panel data model. The results show that the improvement of system quality can reduce the moral hazard and uncertainty of high-tech complex products produced and managed by economic entities,reduce the transaction costs of economic entities and promote the improvement of export technology complexity. Specifically,regional corruption in the institutional environment has a significant negative impact on the complexity of export technology by increasing the risk of economic entities encountering "rip-offs",while a good economic and legal environment has significantly promoted the complexity of export technology. Population quality structure promotes the complexity of export technology significantly by enhancing the ability to absorb advanced technology,and then improve the level of independent innovation. Population quantity structure has no significant impact on the complexity of export technology.